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C.O.R.N. Newsletter: 2020-21

  1. Drought Projections Do Not Go Well With Fungicide Applications

    Author(s): Anne Dorrance, Pierce Paul

    Several calls this past week for fungicide applications on corn and soybean at all different growth stages.  So let’s review what might be at stake here.

    Soybeans.  Frogeye leaf spot and white mold on susceptible varieties when the environment is favorable for disease easily pay the cost of application plus save yield losses.  Let’s dig a bit deeper.  Both of these diseases are caused by fungi but frogeye leaf spot is a polycyclic disease, meaning that multiple infections occur on new leaves through the season while white mold is monocyclic and the plant is really only susceptible during the flowering stage.  Both of these diseases are also limited geographically in the state.  White mold is favored in North East Ohio and down through the central region where fields are smaller and air flow can be an issue.  Frogeye has been found on highly susceptible varieties south of 70, but it is moving a bit north so it is one that I am watching. 

    White mold is also favored by closed canopy, cool nights and high relative humidity.  So farmers in these areas should double check their variety ratings first.  If it is moderate to low score for resistance (read the fine print) then this year a spray may be warranted.  We have gotten consistent control of white mold with Endura at R1.  Herbicides that are labeled for white mold suppression have also knocked back this disease, but if a drought occurs or no disease develops, losses of 10% or greater can occur due to the spray alone.  For these purposes R1 is a flower on the bottom of 1/3 of the plants in the field. 

    Frogeye leaf spot –There also must be some inoculum or low level of disease present in the field for this disease to cause substantial and measurable yield losses.   This disease will only move in the canopy when there is regular rainfall.  And again only on susceptible varieties. With dry weather, this will sit and hold. Time to scout for this will be at the end of flowering if it can be found in the field.  With drought conditions, the disease will not impact the crop.

    The story is very similar from a corn pathology standpoint. Most of our major diseases (gray leaf spot, northern corn leaf blight, eye spot) are driven by wet, humid conditions, consequently, the dry weather we have experienced over the last several days will keep most diseases in check. Fungicides are not warranted under these conditions; it just does not pay. Although some product labels may mention yield responses under drought-like condition, our data do not support such a benefit. We see the highest yield responses when fungicides are applied to susceptible hybrids at VT-R1 under disease-favorable conditions. These conditions would include extended periods of dew and high relative humidity, especially during the early- to mid-morning hours.

    For a disease like southern rust that usually blows up from the south, and tar spot, an emerging disease of increasing concern in the state, fields should be scouted before making an application. Both diseases develop well under warm conditions, but they also need moisture and high relative humidity to spread. In the case of tar spot, based on what we have seen in 2018 and 2019, it usually develops well into grain fill (R4-R5), and as such, may have little effect on grain yield. Data from some states in the western half of the corn belt show that when tar spot develops early, yield loss may be substantial. The same is true for early southern rust development. So, scout fields to see what is out there and at what level before investing in fungicide application.                   

  2. Foliar Fertilizer Applications to Soybean

    Author(s): Laura Lindsey, Steve Culman, Emma Matcham

    When soybean prices are low, inputs need to be carefully considered. Will I get a return on my investment?

    In 2019, Ohio State participated in a national protocol to evaluate foliar fertilizer in soybean. Trials were conducted in 13 states and totaled 20 different growing environments (Figure 1). In 2019, only 1 environment (Fond du Lac, Wisconsin) showed a yield benefit associated with foliar fertilizer application. Ohio-specific results are shown in Figure 2. In Ohio, none of the evaluated foliar fertilizer products resulted in a different yield compared with the non-treated control (no foliar fertilizer application). Our results are consistent with previously conducted trials in Ohio. Historically, yield response to micronutrient foliar fertilizer application is rare. For detailed information, see Corn, Soybean, and Alfalfa Yield Reponses to Micronutrient Fertilization in Ohio FactSheet (https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/agf-519).

    Figure 1. Map of locations showing average soybean yield (bu/acre).

    Figure 2. Soybean grain yield for the untreated control (no foliar fertilizer application) and foliar fertilizer products. Differences in yield were not statistically significant.

    Although, yield response to micronutrient foliar fertilizer application is rare, there are cases where applications are warranted. In Ohio, manganese is the micronutrient that is most likely to be deficient in soybean. In our work, 2 out of 36 trials have shown a statistically significant yield increase with the application of manganese foliar fertilizer. One responsive location was in northern Ohio in a field with high sand content and dry soil conditions. (Manganese is oxidized to an unavailable form under dry conditions.) The second response location was in northwest Ohio in a field with high clay and high pH.

  3. Western Bean Cutworm Numbers Remain Low Across Ohio

    Author(s): Amy Raudenbush, Mark Badertscher, , Frank Becker, Lee Beers, CCA, Bruce Clevenger, CCA, Sam Custer, Tom Dehaas, Craig Everett, Allen Gahler, Jason Hartschuh, CCA, Andrew Holden, Stephanie Karhoff, CCA, Alan Leininger, Ed Lentz, CCA, , Cecilia Lokai-Minnich, David Marrison, Les Ober, CCA, Eric Richer, CCA, Garth Ruff, Beth Scheckelhoff, Clint Schroeder, , Mike Sunderman, Curtis Young, CCA, Chris Zoller, Andy Michel, Kelley Tilmon

    We are now in the second week of monitoring for Western bean cutworm (WBC) in Ohio. Similar to last week, WBC adult numbers remain low in all monitoring counties. Trap counts for the week of June 29 – July 5 resulted in a total of 56 WBC adults (0.67 average moths per trap) (Figure 1). Overall, 26 counties monitored 84 traps across Ohio. No counties reported capturing more than 1 moth / day over the 7-day monitoring period; therefore, all counties currently remain below the recommended levels that indicate scouting for egg masses should begin. 

    Figure 1. Average Western bean cutworm adult per trap followed by total number of traps in the county in parentheses for week ending July 5, 2020.
    Further information on WBC can be found in our fact sheet: http://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/ENT-40 and a free article in the Journal of Integrated Pest Management: http://jipm.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/A1

  4. July Brings on the Heat

    Figure 1: U.S. Drought Monitor for Ohio as reported on July 2, 2020.
    Author(s): Aaron Wilson

    Hot and dry conditions have certainly set in across the Buckeye State. Temperatures this past week have averaged 2-8°F above average, with most locations stringing together at least five consecutive days above 90°F and more to come. Based on the forecast, Columbus will likely reach 11 days this Friday, the longest stretch of 90-degree weather since July 21-31, 1999!

    Along with hot temperatures there has been a lack of widespread rainfall, generally less than 0.25” statewide over the last seven days, with only brief heavy downpours for a few lucky folks across Ohio. Not only are we falling short on typical rainfall (~1” per week), but hot daytime temperatures have led to intense evaporation rates (0.25-0.30” per day). This has caused rapidly drying soils and decreasing stream flows. Abnormally dry conditions (not official drought) are now being reported (as of Thursday July 2) for about 17 percent of Ohio (Figure 1), with an expansion of these conditions anticipated this week. Please see this week’s article on Drought and Fungicide. If you are seeing drought impacts in your area, consider submitting a report to the Drought Impact Reporter. For more information on recent climate conditions and impacts, check out the latest Hydro-Climate Assessment from the State Climate Office of Ohio. 

    No major weather systems are expected over the next few days across Ohio, but scattered storms with locally heavy rain are possible. Highs will generally top out in the 90s and lows in the upper 60s to low 70s. By Friday, a weak cold front will try to sweep through the state which will likely bring a better chance of widespread showers and storms and slightly cooler temperatures this weekend with highs in the 80s. Overall, we are expecting 0.25-0.75” (locally heavier) of rain over the next 7 days (Figure 2).

    Figure 2: Forecast precipitation for the next 7 days. Valid from 8 pm Monday July 6, 2020 through 8 pm Monday July 13, 2020. Figure from the Weather Prediction Center.

    The latest NOAA/NWS/Climate Prediction Center outlook for the 8-14 day period (July 14-20) shows elevated probabilities of above average temperatures and below average precipitation (Figure 3). Normal highs during the period should be in the mid-80s, normal lows in the mid-60s, with 0.85-1.05” of rainfall per week. The 16-Day Rainfall Outlook from NOAA/NWS/Ohio River Forecast Center supports below average precipitation across Ohio as well, especially in northwest Ohio where conditions are already quite dry. The forecast suggests deteriorating pasture conditions, added crop stress, and a lack moisture ahead of pollination and double-crop plantings.  

    Figure 3: Climate Prediction Center 8-14 Day Outlook valid for July 14-20, 2020 for left) temperatures and right) precipitation. Colors represent the probability of below, normal, or above normal conditions.

  5. Mid-Season Weed Management in Soybeans – Hot, Dry Edition

    Author(s): Mark Loux

    A few weed-related observations while we try to stay cool and hope for a day of rain or at least popup thunderstorms.

    • One of the frequent questions during extended dry weather is – do I wait for rain before applying POST herbicides, or just go ahead and apply before the weeds get any larger and tougher to control.  Our experience has been that it’s best to go ahead and apply when weeds are still small, even if it’s dry, and herbicides will usually do what they are supposed to.  Letting them get larger without any sure forecast for rain can make for a tough situation that requires higher rates or a more injurious mix.  On the other hand, waiting to apply can be fine if there is a good chance of rain within the next few days.  It’s not always an easy decision.
    • The deadline for applying dicamba to Xtend soybeans was June 30.  Tavium can still be applied where the soybeans were planted less than 45 days ago and have not exceeded V4, an alternative to dicamba will have to be used.  We should point out that very hot days and warm nights are not appropriate conditions for applying dicamba anyway. 
    • The replacement for dicamba on Xtend soybeans is usually going to be glyphosate or a mix of glyphosate with either fomesafen (Flexstar, etc), Cobra/Phoenix, or Ultra Blazer.  Will they cause soybean injury?  Yes.  Will the injury be worse under hot conditions?  Probably.  Do you want weed control?  We assume yes.  Using a less aggressive adjuvant approach can reduce the injury.  Example – applying fomesafen with MSO + AMS will be less injurious than COC + UAN.  Be sure to use adjuvants appropriate for the weed species and size though. 
    • Applying POST herbicides early or late in the day may have some potential to reduce injury.  Keep in mind however that the activity of most POST herbicides on weeds is reduced during overnight hours.  In previous OSU research where we applied herbicides at 3-hour intervals from 6 am to 9 pm, activity was substantially reduced from 9 pm through 6 am.  So activity was decreasing after 6 pm and ramping back up after 6 am.  Our studies included fomesafen, glyphosate, Firstrate, 2,4-D, and glufosinate.  Of these herbicides, 2,4-D was the only one not affected by time of day.   Giant ragweed was the only broadleaf weed in the 2,4-D study, which occurred in wheat stubble.
    • Applying a mix or premix that contains a site 15 herbicide – acetochlor, metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, dimethenamid – often increases the risk and severity of soybean injury.  It’s late enough in the season that we would question the value of including residual herbicides.  Weed emergence is tapering off, and the dry forecast will prevent these herbicides from being active anyway.
    • While it has not been much of an issue in Ohio, fomesafen can carryover and injury corn.  This is most likely to occur for late-season applications followed by dry conditions that reduce the rate of degradation.  We are at this point now, so consider a switch from fomesafen to another group 14 herbicide.  There is no risk of carryover to corn for Cobra/Phoenix or Ultra Blazer. 
    • POST cutoff restrictions for a few soybean herbicides (DBH = days before harvest; from Table 18 of Weed Control Guide):  clethodim – 60 DBH; Cobra/Phoenix – 45 DBH; Enlist Duo/One – no later than R2; fomesafen – 45 DBH; Fusion – prior to bloom; glyphosate – through R2; glufosinate – up to R1 and 70 DBH; Ultra Blazer – 45 DBH.
    • We have had discussions with growers about doublecrop soybeans – whether to use a residual herbicide approach or just use POST herbicides.  Herbicides that cause much injury and slow down growth should be avoided in doublecrop soybeans since time from planting to harvest is short.  So the argument for a residual herbicide approach is probably best made in nonGMO or RR soybeans, where use of a site 14 herbicide might be required to control glyphosate-resistant weeds.  Planting a LL, LLGT27, or Enlist soybean would allow use of effective POST herbicides without risk of injury.  The argument against a residual herbicide approach is the possible lack of rainfall to get them working soon enough, their lack of activity on some glyphosate-resistant weeds, and possible increased carryover risk from applying this late.  There are cost considerations also when making this comparison.
    • The dry weather forecast has some growers abandoning plans for doublecrop soybeans.  This is just a reminder to implement some type of weed control measures in wheat and barley stubble, with the goal of preventing weed seed and increases in the soil seedbank.  Marestail, foxtail, and ragweeds are common weeds in stubble, and waterhemp could be an issue.  In previous OSU research on control of marestail with herbicides in stubble, which can be difficult, applying before the end of July resulted in the most effective suppression of seed.  Mowing or tillage can also be used to control weeds.  Where mowing and herbicides will be combined, herbicides should be used first. 
    • Wheat stubble does provide the opportunity to work on Canada thistle, curly dock and dandelion, among other perennials.  Most effective control of these weeds will occur where they are left undisturbed from late summer into October or early November, which allows them to reach a size when herbicides are most effective.  In other words – don’t mow or treat them so late in summer that they don’t have enough time to regrow prior to a fall herbicide treatment. 

  6. Potassium Deficiency?

    Author(s): Laura Lindsey, Steve Culman

    Potassium deficiency symptoms of corn and soybean include yellowing/browning of lower (older) leaves with edges exhibiting symptoms first. Potassium deficiency symptoms can indicate low soil test potassium (K), but may also be related to recent dry soils, compaction, and poor root growth.

    In 2013-2015, the Lindsey Lab collected 593 soil samples from close to 200 soybean fields in Ohio. Twenty-three percent of the soil samples were in the build-up range, indicating K was likely limiting soybean yield. If you see plants exhibiting symptoms of K defiency, collect a representative soil sample from the “bad” area of the field and “good” area of the field for comparison. In most Ohio soils, a soil test K value of >120 ppm (240 lb/acre) should be adequate. See Table 1 for the new Mehlich-3 K critical levels. If soil test K is <120 ppm, fertilizer may be added in-season according to Tables 2 (corn) and 3 (soybean). We do not recommend using foliar products to supply K.

    Table 1. New Mehlich-3 K critical levels for fields crops in the Tri-State Region.

    Table 2. Corn potassium recommendations based on soil test K.

    Table 3. Soybean potassium recommendations based on soil test K.
    If soil test K values are >120 ppm and plants are exhibiting K deficiency symptoms, K uptake by the plant is poor and may be caused by dry soil, compaction, poor root growth, or a combination of these factors. Rainfall and continued root growth will help alleviate these issues. Soybean cyst nematode may also limit root growth and K uptake. If poor areas of the field have not been recently tested for soybean cyst nematode, consider collecting a soil sample for analysis.

  7. Emergency Forages to Plant Mid-Summer

    Author(s): Mark Sulc

    First and second cutting hay yields are being reported as lower than usual in many areas of Ohio this year. Forages took a hit from the late freezes and cold weather this spring, followed by dry weather after first cutting. Fortunately, hay quality is much better than usual.

    If forage inventories are going to be short, emergency forages that can still be planted this summer include the warm-season annual grasses planted by mid-July as well as oat, spring triticale, and Italian ryegrass planted during the last week of July into early August. All those forages will be best harvested as silage/haylage or grazed. Brassica crops (turnip, turnip hybrids, rape) can be planted in early August for grazing in late autumn.

    Soil moisture is the big concern for any forage planting now. Much of the state is already seeing dry soils and temperatures are high, so the general outlook for seed germination of any kind is not promising right now. The decision to plant or not will have to be made for each individual field, considering soil moisture and the rain forecast. Rainfall/soil moisture in the few weeks immediately after seeding is the primary factor affecting successful establishment of any crop.

    Where soils are very dry right now, the wait-and-see approach is prudent. Waiting to plant might take out the option for warm-season grasses since they should be planted by July 15-18. But we still have at least two more weeks before the ideal time to plant oat, spring triticale, Italian ryegrass, and brassica crops (last of July into August). We can hope for rain by then.

    As mentioned above, warm-season grasses (sudangrass, sorghum-sudangrass, forage sorghum, millets, teff) will need to be planted by the end of next week (July 15-18). Corn planted up to July 15 is also an option for strip-grazing in autumn. If sufficient soil moisture is present, dry matter yields can reach 2 to 4 tons of dry matter per acre, depending on the species. Last year, western Ohio producers had success interseeding sorghum-sudangrass into weak alfalfa stands; however, soil moisture was not lacking when they planted. This summer, soil moisture in an existing hay crop will be greatly depleted unless there have been recent rains.

    Oat, spring triticale, and Italian ryegrass can be planted from the last week of July to mid-September, with forage yields declining as planting is delayed past early August. Brassicas should be planted by early August for acceptable levels of available forage for grazing in late autumn.

    For other options to consider, such as stretching the existing forage inventory, follow the links below:

    For more details on emergency forage options, follow the links below:

  8. Application of Manure to Double Crop Soybeans to Encourage Emergence

    Author(s): Glen Arnold, CCA

    Wheat harvest will soon be wrapped up in Ohio and some farmers will plant double-crop soybeans. The summer manure application window following wheat harvest is typically the 2nd largest application window each year. In recent years there has been more interest from livestock producers in applying manure to newly planted soybeans to provide moisture to help get the crop to emerge.

    Both swine and dairy manure can be used to add moisture to newly planted soybean fields. It’s important that the soybeans were properly covered with soil when planted to keep a barrier between the salt and nitrogen in the manure and the germinating soybean seed. It’s also important that livestock producers know their soil phosphorus levels, and the phosphorus in the manure being applied, so soil phosphorus levels are kept in an acceptable range.

    An acre-inch of water is 27,154 gallons. The application of 10,000 gallons per acre of dairy manure would be about 0.37 inches of moisture. The application of 7,000 gallons of swine manure would be about 0.26 inches of moisture. While we strongly encourage the incorporation of livestock manure whenever possible, the use of manure to help with double-crop soybean emergence does not really allow for incorporation.

    If soybeans are emerged, swine finishing manure is likely to kill the emerged plants. We applied swine finishing manure to early V3 soybeans at the Hoytville research farm earlier this year and while the manure did not kill the soybeans, there was significant leaf burning. Swine nursery manure and sow manure are unlikely to kill emerged soybeans. We are on our 3rd season of using a drag hose to flatten soybeans at two of our Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center stations. The manure hose has not appeared to cause much damage to emerged soybeans at the V1, V3, and V5 stages.

    If manure is incorporated prior to planting double-crop soybeans be sure the manure salt and nitrogen is not placed in the planting zone. Placing the manure in contact with germinating seeds can result in severe emergence problems.

    If red clover was frost seeded in the wheat, young clover is easy to kill with a summer manure application. Several livestock producers have told me stories of accidentally killing clover stands when applying manure to wheat stubble just after wheat harvest.

    As always, print out the weather forecast when surface applying manure. Remember the “not greater than 50% chance of 0.5 inches of rainfall in the next 24 hours” rule in the Western Lake Erie Basin.

  9. Corn Growth in Hot and Dry Conditions

    Author(s): Alexander Lindsey, Peter Thomison

    In recent days we have been experiencing 90 degree F days with limited precipitation, and so we are starting to see some leaf rolling in corn. Some of this may be related to reductions in soil moisture, but may be related to restricted root systems as well. Depending on the stage of corn at the time of these conditions, different effects on yield may be expected. Corn ear development occurs throughout the growing season, and extreme temperature or moisture stress at different growth stages will decrease different aspects of grain yield. Below is a quick summary of the yield component most affected by environmental stress at different growth stages:

    • V5-7: Number of kernel rows. Corn plants are determining the number of kernel rows as early as V5 in some corn hybrids. By V7, the number of kernel rows in the primary ear has been determined for most hybrids.
    • V9-VT: Number of potential kernels per row (row length). Each potential kernel comes from one floret on the ear (female flower), and as conditions are more favorable for development the plant will initiate more florets. The number of potential kernels on the ear can be set through late vegetative stages (through V16).
    • VT/R1: Number of potential kernels that are fertilized. High temperatures and moisture stress can cause pollen release to occur before silk emergence resulting in poor pollination, and can decrease pollen grain viability. Ear elongation is occurring during R1, and if stress occurs total ear length could be decreased. Yield losses have been estimated up to 13% per day of stress.
    • R2-R3: Kernel number to be filled. Stress at the blister (R2) and milk (R3) stage can cause fertilized kernels to be aborted due to poor carbohydrate availability. Carbohydrate production will decrease as temperature and moisture stress increase because photosynthesis is reduced. The limited production of sugars will cause the plant to abort kernels, typically those that were the last to be pollinated (at the tip).
    • R4-R5: Kernel size. At the dough (R4) and dent (R5) stages, carbohydrate accumulation within the kernels will be reduced due to environmental stress. At the start of R5, only 45% of the dry matter in each kernel has been accumulated, leaving half of the starch to be added during R5. However, the kernel contains 90% of its dry matter halfway through the R5 growth stage (milkline halfway down the kernel).

    Given corn growth is maximized at 86 degrees F, temperatures exceeding this can result in reduced growth rates. Leaf area may decrease under stress conditions leading to less area available to photosynthesize, and internodes may not lengthen as much leading to shorter plants. Moisture stress can also be observed as leaf rolling. Rolled leaves help to shade the leaves by reducing the area in direct interception of light and to thicken the boundary layer (leading to less evaporation and slower water movement out of the leaves). However, leaf rolling can be seen even if soil moisture is evident under high temperatures and lower relative humidity levels. Be sure to watch the video on this topic here.

    Rootless corn showing nodal roots developing outside soil environment.Higher temperatures (especially at night) can lead to more respiration, which could reduce yield by metabolizing sugars (rather than moving them to the kernels). Hot days also mean faster GDD accumulation during the season and can shorten the number of days the crop has to photosynthesize and create sugars. For example, let’s say a hybrid needed 1350 GDDs to reach maturity after flowering. With a daytime temperature of 86 F and night temperature of 68 degrees F, it would take 50 calendar days to accumulate 1350 GDDs. Conversely, with a day temperature of 86 F and a night temperature of 63 F, it would take 56 calendar days to reach that same GDD accumulation.

    In parts of the state there may be soil moisture present but root systems are being affected by soil compaction restricting growth. Another issue that has been observed is rootless or floppy corn. Seed planted in loose dry soil that becomes compacted after planting may be prone to this as well. If leaf rolling is showing up in your fields, consider digging some plants to assess the root systems and levels of soil moisture within the field.

    Figure 1 – Corn showing leaf rolling symptomology.

    Figure 2 – Rootless corn showing nodal roots developing outside soil environment.

    References
    Abendroth, L.J., R.W. Elmore, M.J. Boyer, and S.K. Marlay. 2011. Corn growth and development. Iowa State Univ. Ext. PMR 1009.

    Shaw, R.H. and J.E. Newman. 1991. Weather stress in the corn crop. Purdue Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. NCH-18. Available at https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCH/NCH-18.html (verified 7-6-2020)

     

Crop Observation and Recommendation Network

C.O.R.N. Newsletter is a summary of crop observations, related information, and appropriate recommendations for Ohio crop producers and industry. C.O.R.N. Newsletter is produced by the Ohio State University Extension Agronomy Team, state specialists at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). C.O.R.N. Newsletter questions are directed to Extension and OARDC state specialists and associates at Ohio State.

Contributors

Alan Leininger (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Amanda Bennett (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Ann Chanon (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Anne Dorrance (State Specialist, Soybean Diseases)
Beth Scheckelhoff (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Bruce Clevenger, CCA (Field Specialist, Farm Management)
Chris Zoller (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Clint Schroeder (Program Manager)
Curtis Young, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
David Marrison (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Dean Kreager (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Eric Richer, CCA (Field Specialist, Farm Management)
Garth Ruff (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Glen Arnold, CCA (Field Specialist, Manure Nutrient Management )
Greg LaBarge, CPAg/CCA (Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems)
Jason Hartschuh, CCA (Field Specialist, Dairy & Precision Livestock)
John Barker (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Kelley Tilmon (State Specialist, Field Crop Entomology)
Ken Ford (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Lee Beers, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Les Ober, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Mark Badertscher (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Mark Loux (Retired State Specialist, Weed Science)
Mark Sulc (Retired State Specialist, Forage Production)
Mike Estadt (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Mike Gastier, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Nick Eckel (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Pierce Paul (State Specialist, Corn and Wheat Diseases)
Rachel Cochran Henry, CCA/CPAg (Water Quality Extension Associate, Defiance, Van Wert, Paulding Counties)
Sam Custer (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Sarah Noggle (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Tony Nye (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Trevor Corboy (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Wayne Dellinger, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)

Disclaimer

The information presented here, along with any trade names used, is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is made by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.

CFAES provides research and related educational programs to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis. For an accessible format of this publication, visit cfaes.osu.edu/accessibility.