C.O.R.N. Newsletter: 2022-03
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Ag Tech Tuesday Webinars will Highlight 2021 eFields Results
The Ohio State Digital Ag Team’s Ag Tech Tuesday webinars are focusing on the 2021 eFields results this month! The webinars will feature highlights from 249 on-farm trials conducted across 45 counties in Ohio. The online February series will be held on Tuesday February 1st and 8th starting at 9:00AM EST for 1 hour. There will be plenty of time for participants to ask questions. CCA CEU credits will be offered for both sessions.
Registration for Ag Tech Tuesdays is free but required. Just visit go.osu.edu/AgTechTues to register. If you have any questions, please contact Elizabeth Hawkins (hawkins.301@osu.edu).
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Weather Update: Will Cold and Snowy Weather Continue into February?
Summary
We wrapped up 2021 with the second warmest December on record (1895-present). This secured last year as the fifth warmest year on record and the second warmest for overnight lows.
Figure 1). Accumulated precipitation for January 2 – 31, 2022. Figure courtesy of the Midwestern Regional Climate Center (https://mrcc.purdue.edu/).
Shortly after the first of the year however, the weather pattern turned much colder and has remained that way throughout the month. A heavy snowfall event dropped significant snow across the eastern counties, and lighter events have kept the ground covered with snow for much of the state. With snow in place, temperatures have been running 2-5°F below average for January. However, precipitation is running below average throughout the much of Ohio, 10-50% of normal across northwestern counties (Figure 1). Only far southern and eastern counties had a wetter than average month.
Forecast
Figure 2). Precipitation forecast from the Weather Prediction Center for 7pm Monday Jan 31 – 7pm Monday Feb 7.
High pressure will slide off to the east on Tuesday, providing a southerly breeze and thawing temperatures, as highs reach the 40s to mid-50s across the state. A major winter storm will develop this week and push through Ohio on Wednesday through Thursday night. Significant rain, ice, and snow are forecast to fall across the state with numerous impacts. Highs will trend downward throughout the event, falling from 30s and 40s on Wednesday to the teens and 20s by Friday. Another Arctic plunge will likely cause overnight temperatures to fall below zero over the weekend. A return flow out of the south will bump temperatures back up closer to average as the weekend ends. The Weather Prediction Center is currently predicting 1.5-3.0” inches of liquid-equivalent precipitation over the next 7 days (Figure 2). According to the NOAA/NWS/Ohio River Forecast Center, warmer temperatures and precipitation falling on the existing snowpack will likely cause some runoff and may induce minor scattered flooding concerns across the state.
The Climate Prediction Center’s 6–10-day outlook for the period of February 6 - 9, 2022 and the 16-Day Rainfall Outlook from NOAA/NWS/Ohio River Forecast Center indicate that temperatures are likely to lean below average for the period with drier weather expected after this week’s major storm (Figure 3). Climate averages for this period begin their slow climb out of winter minimums, with a high temperature range of 36-41°F, a low temperature range of 21-24°F, and average liquid-equivalent precipitation of 0.50-0.70 inches.
Figure 3) Climate Prediction Center 6-10 Day Outlook valid for February 6-10, 2022, for left) temperatures and right) precipitation. Colors represent the probability of below, normal, or above normal conditions.
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Considerations for managing P & K in 2022
During this period of high prices and uncertain availability of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, a few basic soil fertility concepts can help guide application decision-making. Fortunately, the work during 2014-2020 that led to the Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendation for Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa-2020 is current information we use. Here are a few key points from the Tri-States plus some other principles that may help.
- Have a current soil test and use it.
- Apply lime if needed
- Suspend buildup P and K applications
- Prioritize fertilizer application to soil test P and K areas below "critical" value
- Use banded placement with a lower rate
- P & K in manure equal fertilizer pound for pound to maintain soil values, prioritize low soil test fields for manure
1. Have a current soil test and use it.
What is the best investment when fertilizer prices are high, a recent reliable soil test! What is a recent reliable soil test? A recent soil test is no more than four years old. A reliable test is where you believe the number for pH, phosphorous, and potassium on the soil test represents that field you farm. If you question your soil report numbers, think about changing how you collect samples for soil testing. You want to consider three things: the size of the sampled area, does the sample area represent productivity and using a standardized sample depth. For more information on soil sample collection procedures, see the factsheet at https://go.osu.edu/soilsample.
Recent reliable soil test values for pH, phosphorus, and potassium will tell you if you need to apply lime or fertilizer this year or if we can wait. Comparing your soil test values to the Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendations will answer critical questions about your fertility needs. Get your copy of the Tri-state Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa at https://go.osu.edu/fertilizer. The publication is available for sale as a printed copy or a free pdf version.
2. Apply lime if needed
The first thing to look at on your soil test reports is pH. Soil pH is the critical factor in nutrient availability. If soil water pH is less than 6.0, consider liming before applying fertilizer. When soil pH values are acidic (< 6.0), the lime investment will make more soil stored phosphorus and potassium crop available. Use buffer pH from the soil test report to determine how much lime you need. Apply enough lime to bring soil pH into the 6.5-6.8 range. Spend your first fertilizer dollars on lime.
3. Suspend buildup P and K applications
Buildup nutrient recommendations are recommendations to increase below critical soil tests value and have no yield impact. The total recommendation shown in the Tri-State tables is crop removal plus and added buildup amount for any soil value below critical for the crop. Consider suspending this portion of the nutrient recommendation until we have more favorable fertilizer prices. Table 1 shows the critical soil test values for phosphorus and potassium.
4. Prioritize fertilizer application to soil test P and K areas below "critical" value
You have been using a build maintenance fertilization strategy if you have been following our Tri-state Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa. The build maintain strategy has the pricing and availability situation we are currently experiencing in mind. Comparing your soil test value for phosphorus and potassium to the critical value defines the need for annual fertilizer application. The text from the Tri-State bulletin states, "Soil test values above the critical value are "optimal," unlikely to be responsive to fertilizer application. Soil test values below the critical value are "deficient," more likely to have a yield response to fertilizer application."
Shown in Table 1 are critical soil test values for phosphorus and potassium in corn, soybean, wheat, and alfalfa. In summary, with a build maintenance approach, as long as soil test values are above the critical value, you can defer fertilizer applications when fertilizer prices are high, or weather conditions do not favor application.
Table 1. Critical Soil Test Values from Mehlich 3 Soil Test for Phosphorus and Potassium. (Tri-state Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa, 2020.)
Phosphorus
Mehlich 3
Potassium
Mehlich 3
Crop
Soils with CEC
<5 meq/100g
Soils with CEC >5 meq/100g
Corn & Soybean
20
100
120
Wheat & Alfalfa
30
100
120
If your crop for 2022 is corn or soybeans, here is how it works. First, scan your soil test reports for less than 20 ppm P soil values. Below 20 ppm is where the risk of yield loss is more likely. Therefore, the recommendation would be to apply a crop removal rate of P. Determine yield potential based on-field productivity. Then multiply the yield potential by the crop removal P rate for the crop. Crop removal is 0.35 pounds P2O5 per bushel for corn, and soybean is 0.80 pounds P2O5 per bushel.
Here is an example. A field (or zone) with a soil test P-value of 15 ppm Mehlich 3, and corn yield is 195 bushels per acre. Therefore, the nutrient needed is 68 pounds P2O5, 195 multiplied by 0.35. The amount of MAP fertilizer required to meet this need is 131 pounds found by taking 68 pounds P2O5 needed dividing by 0.52, which is the P2O5 percentage of MAP, 11-52-0. If you are using DAP, it would be 148 pounds found by taking 68 pounds P2O5 needed dividing by 0.46, which is the P2O5 percentage of DAP, 18-46-0.
Where your soil test reports show soil P values above the 20 ppm critical value, you can defer fertilizer applications to when fertilizer prices are more favorable. However, keep in mind that if your soil test values are near the critical value, you can only defer for a short time. Soil test P values decline over time, but change is not dramatic from one year to the next due to the soil's ability to buffer available P. Estimated change in soil test P values is only 2-3 ppm per year from crop removal.
Decisions for potassium are similar to phosphorus. The difference is we need to look at both the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) number and the soil test potassium value. If CEC is less than 5, use 100 ppm Mehlich as the critical value. If CEC is greater than 5, use the 120 ppm value. The crop removal for corn is 0.20 pounds of K2O per bushel, and for soybean, it is 1.15 pounds of K2O. Now scan your soil test reports for K soil values less than the critical value. Below the critical value is the situation where the risk of yield loss is more likely. Therefore, the recommendation would be to apply a crop removal rate of K. Determine expected yield based on-field productivity. Then multiply the expected yield by the crop removal for P for the crop. Crop removal is 0.35 pounds P2O5 per bushel for corn, and soybean is 0.80 pounds P2O5 per bushel.
Continue with our example of a field (or zone) with a 195 bushel per acre corn yield and a soil test K value of 110 and CEC of 15 meq/100g. The K2O need would be 39 pounds per acre. Therefore, the potash fertilizer recommendation would be 65 pounds. Fertilizer need is calculated by taking the 39 pounds K2O needed, divided by 0.60, the K2O percentage of potash, 0-0-60.
Where your soil test reports show soil K values above the critical value, you can defer fertilizer applications to when fertilizer prices are more favorable. However, keep in mind that if your soil test values are near the critical value, you can only defer for a short time. This is because soil test K values decline over time, while K is buffered like P, the soil changes from one year to the next due tend to be greater than with P. Estimated change in soil test K values are 6-10 ppm per year from crop removal for grain crop but are higher with forages.
We provide a spreadsheet that many folks have found helpful to do nutrient and fertilizer calculations. You can see that tool at https://go.osu.edu/ohiofertilitytool.
5. Use banded placement with a lower rate
"For deficient soils, recommended rates of fertilizer should be applied annually. Placement and timing techniques to enhance nutrient availability, such as sub-surface banding, or spring application, may also be beneficial on nutrient-deficient soils. Applying 25 to 50 percent of the recommended fertilizer in a band to enhance early growth should be considered." Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendation for Corn, Soybean, Wheat, and Alfalfa-2020
6. P & K in manure equal fertilizer pound for pound to maintain soil values, prioritize low soil test fields for manure
Livestock manure is a good P & K nutrient source for crop production. There are two things to know when comparing P2O5 and K2O availability in manure to commercial fertilizer. First, the pounds of available P and K nutrient shown on the manure test is equivalent to commercial fertilizer. Therefore, those manure nutrients are a one-to-one replacement for commercial fertilizer. Second, manure is not a good substitute when starter fertilizer is needed. The key to using manure in the fertility program is to get a manure nutrient test, then use that test to guide the application. Application rates should be determined using both the manure source's N and P content, being sure not to over-apply either nutrient.
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REMINDER: Join Us for the 2nd Annual Virtual Corn College and Soybean School
Due to popular demand, the AgCrops Team will host the 2nd annual virtual Corn College and Soybean School on February 15, 2022 from 9:00 AM – 4:00 PM featuring your OSU Extension state specialists, including the new corn agronomist, Dr. Osler Ortez, and new soybean pathologist, Dr. Horacio Lopez-Nicora. CCA CEUs will be available during the live presentations (2.0 CM, 5.0 IPM, and 1.0 NM).
To register, please go to: http://go.osu.edu/cornsoy There is a $10 registration fee for this event, which goes directly to support OSU AgCrops Team activities. Presentations will be recorded and uploaded to the AgCrops Team YouTube channel after the event (https://www.youtube.com/c/OSUAgronomicCrops).
MORNING SESSION 9:00-noon
9:00-9:40 Laura Lindsey Soybean Management for 2022
9:50-10:30 Osler Ortez Corn Management for 2022
10:40-11:20 Horacio Lopez-Nicora Soybean Disease Management
11:20-noon Pierce Paul Corn Disease Management
AFTERNOON SESSION 1:00-4:00
1:00-1:40 Kelley Tilmon Soybean Insect Management
1:50-2:30 Andy Michel Corn Insect Management
2:40-3:20 Mark Loux Weed Management for Corn and Soybean
3:20-4:00 Steve Culman Meeting Nutrient Needs for Corn and Soybean
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The Agronomic Crops Team welcomes Osler Ortez, new Corn and Emerging Crops Agronomist at Ohio State!
I appreciate the chance of introducing myself to the Agronomics Crops audience at OSU. I come from backgrounds of coffee production (in northern Nicaragua), Soybean production (in Kansas and Argentina), and corn production (in Nebraska and the US Midwest). My most recent research experience dealt with a subject that Ohio State had contributions to before, abnormal corn ears. Widespread abnormal corn ears and lower yields affected Nebraska and the region in recent years. My research in Nebraska aimed to identify and isolate factors responsible for ear abnormalities and subsequent productivity losses, providing information to potentially manage and mitigate these issues.
This January 2022, I started as Assistant Professor in Corn and Emerging Crop Production Systems in the Horticulture and Crop Science Department at Ohio State. My faculty appointment includes 50% extension, 30% research, and 20% teaching. At Ohio State, I will lead an applied research and extension program for developing and distributing science-based information concerning efficient, productive, and sustainable corn and emerging crop production systems. Alongside Rich Minyo, I will provide leadership to the Ohio Corn Performance Testing Program, a strategic partnership between industry, OSU, and farmers that has been in place for several decades. The program assists farmers in selecting hybrids that are best suited to different operations and environments across the state.
I am very grateful for the opportunity to join the Ohio State University. I plan to build on the strong legacy left by my predecessor, Dr. Peter Thomison, Professor and Extension Corn Specialist, who retired after 30 years of service. Do you want to learn more? Please visit my faculty webpage for more information. Also, please feel free to connect with me via email (ortez.5@osu.edu), phone (330) 263-9725, or stop by my office at 214 Williams Hall, Wooster Campus. Go Bucks!
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Agricultural Fertilizer Applicator Certification Training and Testing Option
Fertilizer applicator certification began in 2014. The agricultural fertilizer applicator certificate is required by the Ohio Department of Agriculture when you apply fertilizer to more than 50 acres of agricultural production. Agricultural production is defined as grain, forage, and other cash crops grown primarily for sale. Both horticultural and agronomic crops are included under this law. There is no distinction between commercial and private fertilizer applicators: both certify or recertify in an identical way.
Commercial nitrogen or phosphorus containing fertilizers and manures from certain livestock operations require a fertilizer applicators certificate. Manure applications from permitted Concentrated Animal Feeding Facilities (CAFF) require the certificate.
A certificate is not required if you use only starter fertilizer through the planter, or if a certified applicator makes the application for you.
If you have any questions about whether you are required to have a fertilizer applicator certificate, call the Ohio Department of Agriculture at 614-728-6987 for a determination or more information on fertilizer regulations at https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/plant-health/fertilizers
A fertilizer applicator must demonstrate competency in fertilizer applications to obtain a certificate. An applicator can choose one of the following three options to prove their competency:
- Training: Attend a three-hour Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) approved training provided by OSU Extension and complete the forms at the end of the meeting.
- Testing: Pass the Agricultural Fertilizer Applicator Test at an ODA testing site.
- Training/Testing Exemption: Apply for the certificate without training or testing if you hold a "Certified Crop Adviser" or "Certified Livestock Manager" certification.
Find Scheduled training events through 3/31/2022
Local training events hosted by Ohio State University Extension are found at https://nutrienteducation.osu.edu/trainingopportunities The meeting are posted by region, so you can find a meeting location and time that works for your schedule. Meetings require pre-registration.
A virtual training is scheduled for March 31, 2022, from 9-12:15. Information and registration on the webinar is at https://nutrienteducation.osu.edu/OnlineFertCert
Testing Option
A Training Manual-Ohio Agricultural Fertilizer Applicator Certification ANR-842 is available as a study guide for those who prefer receiving certification through the testing option. The manual is available in print and electronic format for Ohio State University Extension Publication. A link to purchase the manual is https://nutrienteducation.osu.edu/2022FertilizerManual
Once you are ready to take the exam, you need to register with the Ohio Department of Agriculture's exam website https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/plant-health/pesticides/exam-registration Select a testing date and site from the listed options.
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2022 Northwest Ohio Agronomic Crops Day
Henry County will be hosting the 2022 Northwest Ohio Agronomy Crops Day on February 9th, 2022. This event will feature Dr. Mark Licht From Iowa State University where he will present the topic "Know your Biologicals and What They Can (or Cannot) Do for You." In addition, we will have Dr. Eric Kabela also from Iowa State University to discuss weather patterns from last year’s crop and an outlook to this cropping season. Other speakers include Barry Ward on farmland rent, farmland prices, and custom farming rates, Horacio Lopez-Nicora on Soybean Cyst Nematode, John Fulton discussing precision fertilizer placement, and Greg Labarge on the new Tri-State Fertilizer Guide, To finish out the day Alan Leininger, Extension Educator in Henry County, will discuss the status or spray drone technology and where Ohio State is working with this technology. The event will be located at the Bavarian Hause 3814 OH-18, Deshler, OH 43516 and will begin at 8:00am with registration with the conclusion around 4:30pm . We will be offering Ohio fertilizer & pesticide applicator credits as well as Certified Crop Advisor credits. Registration is $45 which includes a catered meal by the Bavarian Haus and all take home materials. Registration is due by February 4th, but we will accept late registrations as long as space permits for $55. We hope that we will see you there.
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Conservation Tillage & Technology Conference March 8-9 in Ada
The Conservation Tillage & Technology Conference (CTTC) plans to be in- person March 8-9 at Ohio Northern University in Ada after being virtual this past year. Connect with other farmers and CCA’s, experience new ideas, and increase your net income. Historically over 800 individuals will attend each day of this two-day conference, making it the largest agricultural meeting in northwestern Ohio.
The meeting and program have been developed by The Ohio State University Extension Specialists along with Agriculture and Natural Resources Educators in local counties with assistance from local Soil and Water Conservation Districts and the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Farmers, consultants, industry representatives, and government officials will meet each day to listen to university specialists, industry representatives, and producers discuss new products and ideas for agriculture. Steve Groff, author of the new book, The Future-Proof Farm, will be the opening speaker at the General Session, starting at 8:30, March 8. He will also speak during a breakout session and be on a panel with other farmers. Master Farmer Awards and CCA of the Year will be announced.
All four concurrent sessions will begin at 10:00 a.m. The Tuesday session on “Soil Health, Cover Crops and No-till” will include Eileen Kladivko; Anna Cates; Shalamar Armstrong; Peter Thomlinson; and Gary Lesoing. The same session on Wednesday will include Sarah Noggle, David Brandt, Jane Fife, Paul Gross, plus others from the Midwest Cover Crops Council.
The other three concurrent sessions on Tuesday are: Nutrient Management, Agronomic Crop Management, and Precision Ag & Technology. The Nutrient Management session will include Sam Mullins, Laura Johnson, Dee Jepsen, and Glen Arnold. The Crop Management sessions include Laura Lindsay, Manni Singh, Emerson Nafziger, Pierce Paul, David Brandt (on Regenerative Ag.), and Mark Loux.
The four sessions on Wednesday will begin at 8:30, and end about 4:30. The Soil Health and Crop Management sessions will continue. The other two focus on: Water Quality and Conservation Practices, and Alternative Crops and Hot Topics.
Registration is a flat rate of $100 (after February 25, registration is $150). This registration is available online at https://www.allenswcd.com/cttc/ and includes exclusive access to all presentations online after about March 21. These will be available until April 22. For Crop Consultants, the QR code will be active for that month. (Crop Consultants must register individually to receive CCA credits.)
Take advantage of the opportunity to discuss one-on-one with speakers, exhibitors, sponsors, and other participants. As noted above, your registration includes exclusive online video-demand access to all presentations for a month, starting about March 21. Currently, ONU requires that everyone wear a mask while inside a building.
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What Does the Research Tell Us About Cover Crops & Soil Health?
The OSUE 2022 soil health series will present “What Does the Research Tell Us about Cover Crops & Soil Health?” on February 3, 8-9 a.m. Join us as OSUE Field Specialist Elizabeth Hawkins and State Soil Specialist Steve Culman share recent Ohio research trial results. Come with your questions! We hope to use the chat feature to collect some ideas from you on things you’re trying or would like to see researched. Register at go.osu.edu/soilhealth2022 for this virtual event. And mark your calendar for our final session on March 3, “Hot Topics – What’s the Future of Soil Health?”
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Water Quality Wednesday Webinar
Join the Ohio State University Water Quality Extension Associates for the next installment of the Water Quality Wednesday Webinar Series on February 16th. This webinar will focus on Nitrogen’s behavior and movement in soil, in-season Nitrogen recommendations, as well as utilizing the Maximum Return to Nitrogen (MRTN) tool. Speakers featured are OSU’s own Dr. John Fulton, professor and extension specialist in the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, Dr. Steve Culman, professor in the School of Environment and Natural Resources and Extension State Specialist for Soil Fertility, and Greg LaBarge, extension specialist for agronomic systems. CCA continuing education credits and Certified Livestock Manager (CLM) credits will be offered during the live session, and a recording of the session will be posted on YouTube for later viewing. Register at go.osu.edu/WQW. Contact Jordan Beck, beck.320@osu.edu, (419) 590-6038 with questions.
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OSU Extension Seeks a New Agronomic Systems Field Specialist
Ohio State University Extension is seeking applicants for a faculty position of Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems. The summary of duties is listed below and a complete listing of the position description can be found at https://osu.wd1.myworkdayjobs.com/OSUCareers/job/Columbus-Campus/Assistant-Professor--Field-Specialist--Agronomic-Systems_R36703 .
This faculty position provides overall leadership for developing and implementing a comprehensive and balanced teaching and applied research agenda for Agriculture and Natural Resources within the Department of Extension in the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences at The Ohio State University. Working collaboratively with a team of OSU professionals within OSU Extension as well as with cross-disciplinary department and colleges, the faculty member functions as a consultant with clientele to address statewide issues as expertise is needed; provides unbiased research-based alternatives; evaluates and responds to large scale statewide needs vs. individual requests; and secures resources (grants, contracts, user fees) to focus on these issues. The faculty member will seek courtesy faculty status within the appropriate department to maintain an integrated connection with campus departments and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC).
Education Required: Masters – Agronomy, Crop Science or related area; demonstrated understanding of integrated crop production systems with an emphasis on corn, soybean, wheat, and forages.
Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems Agriculture and Natural Resources
Faculty Position (1.0 FTE)
Posting number: R36703
Location: To be announced
Deadline Date: February 14, 2022
Questions about the position can be directed to:
Samuel G. Custer, Interim Assistant Director, Agriculture and Natural Resources
(614) 688-0469, custer.2@osu.edu
Elizabeth Hawkins, Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems
(937)286-4849, Hawkins.301@osu.edu
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Warner On-Farm Research Proposals Being Accepted
The OSU College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences (CFAES) Sustainable Agriculture Team and Agroecosystems Management Program (AMP) has issued their annual call for proposals to conduct on-farm research on sustainable agriculture topics. This program is made available through the Paul C. and Edna H. Warner Endowment Fund established specifically for on-farm research in sustainable agriculture related to crop (agronomic and horticultural) and animal production systems that are intended for human consumption. Research is intended to identify and publicize sustainable agricultural practices and systems that are profitable, socially responsible, energy efficient and improve water quality and other environmental concerns relevant to Ohio farmers.
Farmers are invited to partner with OSU scientists and extension educators to carry out on-farm projects.
For more information, and to see the Request for Proposals, see (go.osu.edu/2022-warner-grants) or contact Doug Jackson-Smith at jackson-smith.1@osu.edu. Proposals are due March 1, 2022.
Crop Observation and Recommendation Network
C.O.R.N. Newsletter is a summary of crop observations, related information, and appropriate recommendations for Ohio crop producers and industry. C.O.R.N. Newsletter is produced by the Ohio State University Extension Agronomy Team, state specialists at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). C.O.R.N. Newsletter questions are directed to Extension and OARDC state specialists and associates at Ohio State.
Contributors
Disclaimer
The information presented here, along with any trade names used, is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is made by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.
CFAES provides research and related educational programs to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis. For an accessible format of this publication, visit cfaes.osu.edu/accessibility.