CFAES Give Today
Agronomic Crops Network

Ohio State University Extension

CFAES

C.O.R.N. Newsletter: 2024-33

  1. Considerations when Conditioning Too-dry Soybeans

    Image Caption: Photo courtesy of Curtis Young, PhD
    Author(s): Stephanie Karhoff, CCA, Jason Hartschuh, CCA, Amanda Douridas, CCA, Greg LaBarge, CPAg/CCA

    This article is adapted from the original article written by Ken Hellevang, retired North Dakota State University (NDSU) professor and Extension engineer. The original article can be found at https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/ag-hub/ag-topics/crop-production/drying-storage/considerations-when-conditioning-too-dry-soybeans.

    Nearly the entire state is currently facing abnormally dry to exceptional drought conditions as of September 19 (https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?OH). Hot, dry conditions have caused soybeans to rapidly dry down, and growers have reported moisture levels below 10%.

    October is forecast to remain warmer and drier than normal, and producers may want to condition soybeans that were harvested at lower moisture contents to bring the moisture content up to the market standard of 13 percent. On a 40-bushel-per-acre yield, harvesting soybeans at 9 percent moisture content, rather than 13 percent, is equal to 1.8 bushels of lost weight per acre. At $10.14 per bushel, that is $0.46 per bushel or $18.25 per acre. In addition, soybeans become more brittle, increasing the potential for handling damage when they are too dry.

    However, conditioning low-moisture soybeans in storage can damage the grain bin. Conditioning causes the beans to expand, which can damage the grain bin’s bolted connections or even cause the bin to rupture from the increased pressure on the bin wall. The forces on the bin increase more rapidly than by the percentage of moisture content increase. Therefore, a moisture content increase of more than a couple points can be problematic and strategies to minimize the increased pressure should be practiced. The bin warranty may be voided if damage occurs while conditioning grain.

    Just as grain is dried with bin fans, soybeans can be conditioned by operating fans during periods with the desired air temperature and relative humidity. Conditioning requires high airflow rates for several weeks using air with an average relative humidity of about 70-75 percent to condition soybeans to 13 percent during normal fall temperatures of 30 to 60 F. Be aware that the air will be heated 3 to 5 degrees as it goes through the fan, which reduces the air relative humidity slightly.

    A conditioning zone develops and moves slowly through the bin in the direction of the airflow, which is similar to a drying zone in natural-air drying. Conditioning occurs the fastest when the airflow rate, cubic feet of airflow per minute per bushel (cfm/bu), is high and the air is warm and humid. The moisture holding capacity of the air is related to the temperature. At temperatures below about 40 degrees, the air holds very little humidity and little conditioning occurs. It will be the most successful in a drying bin with a fully perforated floor and a fan that can deliver at least 0.75 cfm/bu. Even with this airflow, moving a conditioning front all the way through the bin will probably take at least a month of fan operation. In most cases, not enough high-humidity hours are available in the fall to move a rewetting zone all the way through the bin. The conditioning can continue in the spring when outside temperatures average above about 40 degrees. You would need only a 3 hp fan to provide an aeration airflow rate of about 0.25 cfm/bu., but conditioning the beans would take about 90 days at that airflow rate.

    Producers need to compare the cost of fan operation with the benefit of marketing at the desired moisture content. To estimate the cost of operating the fan, assume a 1 horsepower fan motor will use 1 kilowatt (kW) of electricity for each hour of operation. For example, if conditioning the soybeans takes 30 days of fan operation, that is 720 hours. Achieving an airflow rate of 0.75 cfm/bu on a 42-foot-diameter bin filled 20 feet deep with soybeans would require a 15-horsepower fan. The cost to operate the fan, assuming an electricity cost of 12 cents per kilowatt-hour is about $1,296. (720 hours x 1 kWh/hp x 15 hp x $0.12 kWh) Increasing the moisture content of 22,167 bushels of soybeans from 9 to 13 percent would increase the quantity of soybeans by 4.4 percent or 975 bushels. At a price of $10.14 per bushel, this is worth $9,867, which is more than the cost of operating the fan in this example.

    If the fan is operated just in periods of very high humidity, such as during fog or when the relative humidity is near 100 percent, the soybeans in part of the bin would be too wet to be stored safely, about 20% or more. Mixing the wet layers with dry layers would reduce the spoilage risk and discounts for marketing wet beans. However, stirring increases the bean damage. Emptying the bin and moving the beans through a grain-handling system will provide only limited mixing because the majority of the grain comes from the top of the bin in a funnel shape with a center unloading sump.

    Controlling the fan manually or on a time clock and operating it during the night and a portion of the day, based on the measured humidity, is one option, but fan and moisture control is not as accurate with this method.

    A humidistat can operate the fan when the relative humidity will average about 70 percent. Even though the humidity level varies considerably during the day, it will average about 70 percent if the fan is operated for a time when the humidity is 90 percent and for an equal time when it is 50 percent. Setting the humidistat to operate the fan when the humidity exceeds about 60 percent would be a reasonable starting point. However, the humidity setting would need to be adjusted based on a measured soybean moisture content.

    To avoid wetting the beans to moisture levels unsafe for storage, add a second humidistat to stop the fan when the relative humidity reaches very high levels, over 90%, or use a microprocessor-based fan controller that monitors temperature and humidity, and runs the fan only when air conditions will bring the crop to the desired moisture content. A disadvantage of these options is that the fan does not run for as many hours.

    Soybeans expand when they absorb moisture, so a moisture content increase of more than a couple points could create enough pressure to damage the grain bin’s bolted connections or even cause the bin to rupture. One way to reduce the pressure is to unload some beans from the bin periodically, maybe three times, during the conditioning. Another way to reduce the damage potential is to use a negative pressure system to pull humid air down through the soybeans and remove the soybeans from the top of the bin as they are reconditioned. An additional way to reduce the pressure is to use a vertical-stirring auger to mix the beans periodically. Stirring the beans will increase the amount of broken or damaged beans. Unfortunately, these methods of reducing pressure have not been well researched and are based on field experience primarily with smaller bins.

    Table 1. Soybean Equilibrium Moisture Values (%) by Temperature (degrees F) and Relative Humidity (% RH)

    This table indicates bean moisture increases as relative humidity rises. It also shows how easily a layer of soybeans can be rewetted to a moisture content that is too high for safe storage (the market moisture content is 13 percent).

  2. Title: Drought Intensifies But Wet Weather Tries

    U.S. Drought Monitor
    Author(s): Aaron Wilson

    Climate Summary
    Long-term drought conditions are firmly in place across portions of central and southeastern Ohio, while western and northern Ohio have experienced rapid onset and intensification of drought over the last 30 to 60 days. Figure 1 shows precipitation deficits compared to normal across Ohio since June 1. Nearly the entire state is running at least 4 inches below normal, with a few locations in central and southeastern Ohio down to 8-10 inches below normal. Hot temperatures and low humidity are fueling crop and soil moisture loss, numerous field fires, and continued poor pasture conditions. As of September 19, 2024, US Drought Monitor depicts about 9.5% of the state in D4-Exceptional Drought with more than 87% experience some type of drought conditions (D1-D4).  Figure 1). Accumulated precipitation departures from the long-term mean (1991-2020) for June 1 – September 22, 2024. Figure courtesy of the Midwestern Regional Climate Center.

    To view local reports or submit one for your location, please visit the Condition Monitoring Observer Reports page. For a more detailed look at conditions and resources, visit our Drought Response Page or for the latest up-to-date conditions, seasonal outlooks, and monthly climate summaries, please visit the State Climate Office of Ohio.

    Weather Forecast
    The week is starting out with the hope of wet weather. One area of showers and storms moved through on Monday, bringing heavy rain to the northern Miami Valley and portions of south central Ohio (1-2 inches for some locations). Another cluster tried to move into southwestern Ohio on Monday evening, but had a hard time staying together as it encourtered dry conditions. Yet another area of showers and storms will push into the region Tuesday morning and continue throughout the day across the Buckeye State. A few storms may be severe as well, with isolated tornadoes not out of the question. A few lingering showers are possible on Wednesday, especially across southeastern counties. All eyes will then turn to a potential tropical system moving through the Gulf of Mexico that could bring additional rainfall and windy conditions over the weekend. Stay tuned to local media for updates on weekend conditions. Overall, temperatures will be a bit cooler this week, with highs in the 70s and 80s and lows mainly in the 60s. The Weather Prediction Center is currently forecasting 0.5-2” of rain this week, with the heavier totals near the Ohio River (Figure 2).

    Figure 2). Precipitation forecast from the Weather Prediction Center for 8pm Monday September 23 – 8pm Monday September 30, 2024.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     


     

     

     

    The 8-14 day outlook from the Climate Prediction Center and the 16-Day Rainfall Outlook from NOAA/NWS/Ohio River Forecast Center show temperatures are leaning toward above normal while near to above average precipitation are more favored (Figure 3). Climate averages include a high-temperature range of 72-75°F, a low-temperature range of 51-54°F, and weekly total precipitation of 0.7-0.8”.

    Figure 3) Climate Prediction Center 8-14 Day Outlook valid for October 1 - 7, 2024, for left) temperatures and right) precipitation. Colors represent the probability of below, normal, or above normal conditions.

  3. Battle for the Belt: Season 2, Episode 26 –

    Author(s): Taylor Dill, Osler Ortez, Laura Lindsey

    Episode 26 of Battle for the Belt is now available:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZbj49llizU

    In Episode 26, Dr. Osler Ortez, Extension State Specialist for Corn Production, is in the field demonstrating methods to test corn stalk strength as we approach harvest.

    The dry conditions throughout Ohio has pushed harvest to earlier dates this season. One of end-of-season consideration, especially under drought conditions, is stalk strength.

    Stalk lodging can be the result of a few factors interacting. Dry conditions during the reproductive stages can cause the plant to mobilize carbohydrates from stalks and leaves to the ear. This leads to weakened stalks and depleted leaves. Another cause of stalk lodging can be stalk rot development. The stalk rots can be caused by one or more fungi that are capable of colonizing and disintegrating the inner parts of the stalk. The extent to which the fungi affect the plant is plant health dependent. If the plant is healthy, it is more resilient to the damage caused by the fungi, however, if the overall health of the plant is low, then the fungi can cause more damage.

    Figure 1. First picture on the left depicts a healthy stalk split and an unhealthy stalk with discoloration and empty areas/gaps. The picture on the right is a close-up of the unhealthy split stalk.

    There are a few methods that can be used to asses stalk quality:.

    1. Splitting Stalks: The corn plant is cut at the base or crown of the stalk, then using a knife to split the stalk in half.  A healthy stalk will look clean with a consistent white color, and the spaces inside the stalk are fully occupied. A diseased stalk will have gaps that are not filled and are disintegrating, there is also discoloration present (Figure 1).
    2. Push-test. Grab a plant at the ear level and push toward the opposite row (or away from you). If the stalk does not crack or break off, that suggests that there is good stalk integrity. This shows the stalk status up to that point. Be mindful that stalk integrity may change later on, and re-assessing at a later period can be necessary.
    3. Squeeze-test. For this method, take two fingers and squeeze the stalk between nodes or at the node in the lower portion of the plant. If the stalk does not compress when squeezed, that suggests that there is a lower chance of lodging. While a stalk that compresses together when squeezed, suggests lower stalk integrity (Figure 2), and more chances of lodging.

    If stalk integrity is lFigure 2. Demonstration of squeeze test on a corn stalk.ow, nothing can be done in-season to fix it; however, we can plan proactively and make decisions that will minimize the effect of lodging on harvest loss.  Prioritizing fields with stalk integrity issues for early harvest will assist in preventing lodging, ears dropping, and losing ears to the ground. Wind storms can worsened these issues, consider wind and storms coming through when prioritizing fields that have compromised stalk integrity.

    Besides prioritizing harvesting fields that have stalk integrity issues, there is another management practice to consider, which is hybrid selection. The Ohio Corn Performance Test has been evaluating hybrids since 1972. The corn performance trials look at >100 commercially available hybrids every year at 9-11 different locations throughout the state. In the 1970s, stalk lodging was up to 10% overall and after 50 years, that overall lodging has decreased to 2.5%. There have been substantial improvements over time due to plant breeding, technology, and product development for plant health protection or crop protection. Lodging is very hybrid-specific, so choosing hybrids that are not prone to lodging is necessary to prevent lodging. Hybrid differences are clear every year. Some hybrids have higher numbers, and some hybrids have no issues at all. Using hybrid ratings (if available) can be helpful in the selection process. To use the performance trials for corn hybrid selections, visit: https://ohiocroptest.cfaes.osu.edu/corntrials/

    What’s happening in the battle for the belt fields across Ohio?

    Both corn and soybean harvest may begin this week at the Western and Wooster location pending the rain in the forecast. The goal is to harvest as each planting date becomes ready for harvest and for the Western location the first three planting dates matured quickly and in a similar time period. March 25th to May 6th soybean planting dates at the Wooster and Western location are ready for harvest. The Northwest location has the first planting date ready (May 16) in both crops. The final planting date in soybeans at all locations is in R6 and is quickly showing the yellowing of leaf drop in parts of plots. Corn development at the Northwest and Wooster locations is slow compared to the soybeans. Corn and soybeans for planting date four and five at these two locations have a long way to go before they are ready to be harvested.

    The summary of locations, last week’s weather, planting dates, GDDs and stages is presented in Table 1.

    Table 1. Weekly weather conditions for each planting date at the Western Agricultural Research Station, Northwest Agricultural Research Station, and Wooster Campus, with the day of planting, soil, air temperature averages, and Growing Degree Days (GDDs) from September 16th to September 22nd. Information from CFAES Weather System (https://weather.cfaes.osu.edu/).

  4. Cover Crop Considerations in the Dry Ohio Conditions

    Cover Crops
    Author(s): Sarah Noggle, Jason Hartschuh, CCA, Alyssa Essman

    Farmers are the ultimate survivors.  Their work requires incredible planning, but it also requires creativity. This year, farmers have faced the test of extremely limited rainfall, which has limited overall yield potential.  With fall approaching, farmers have an opportunity to invest today for better outcomes next year by planting cover crops. Not harvested like a main crop, cover crops are grown to protect the soil from wind and erosion, as well as create an underground community for soil improvements.

    Cover crops offer a wide range of benefits: they “trap” nitrogen left behind from fertilizer in the field, which otherwise may be washed away over the winter. Their residue can help conserve water, improve the quality of soil, suppress weeds, and control erosion.  Cover crops can also provide an excellent source of animal feed during periods when drought has reduced forage quality and quantity.

    Identifying your cover crop goals and planning is key in any year and is especially critical during drought conditions. This planning not only includes selecting the species of cover crops but also looking at the overall management decisions of planting method and timing, maintenance, and termination of the cover crop. Of all these management decisions, one of the greatest risks to cover cropping is failure to establish. Limited rainfall threatens establishment success, and the choice of method can influence the outcome.

    Whether or not your farm is dealing with drought, it will be something you’ll have to take head-on in the future. So, how do cover crops fit into navigating periods of drought? Using cover crops can be a combination of a bodybuilder, bodyguard, and insurance agent all working around the clock to protect your most valuable asset — your soil.

    Bodybuilder

    Cover crops are going to “bulk up” your land above and below ground. Biomass, or your cover crop's vegetative growth, is going to add organic matter back into the soil as it decomposes. An increase in organic matter improves soil quality and serves as a nutrient source for soil microbes, contributing to an increase in overall soil health and fertility.

    Bodyguard

    In times of drought, cover crop residue can serve as a protective barrier between soil and the elements. Cover crops can preserve soil moisture by regulating temperature and protecting the surface from evaporation, while increased soil organic matter improves water-holding capacity.

    Research has found that greater amounts of biomass at termination lead to greater amounts of weed suppression, by blocking sunlight from reaching the soil and serving as a physical barrier to germination and growth. Along with biomass production, extensive roots of certain cover crop species help hold soil in place to prevent erosion from wind and rain. Cover crops can also reduce nutrient leaching by sequestrating nitrogen, making it available for future crops when residue decomposes.

    Insurance agent

    Incorporating cover crops into a crop rotation is an effective way to mitigate the potential negative effects of dry periods in future years. However, a good insurance policy is needed to ensure the best management decisions are being made so that the bodybuilder and bodyguard perform at their maximum potential. This begins with identifying cover crop goals and developing a game plan for how to achieve them.

    Selecting cover crops in 2024

    Most crops need approximately 35-45% soil moisture to germinate, and this is no different for cover crops. Ensuring adequate seed-to-soil contact improves establishment outcomes and reduces seed losses from desiccation. Drilling after harvest increases this contact relative to broadcasting where the seed is left on the soil surface. Incorporating seed into the soil with a drill decreases the chances of seed death from lack of moisture. 

    Consider species that can grow and produce biomass when planted late in the season. Many species can produce at least 1/2 a ton of winter grazing dry matter. All cereal grain cover crops grow roots when the soil is not frozen. Beyond weed control, nitrogen retention, erosion control, and residue, some farmers grow cover crops for the purposes of grazing and increased forage options. Potential species that can perform well even in dry conditions include cereal rye, winter wheat, triticale, rapeseed/canola, and forage turnips.

    Cereal rye can germinate in soil temperatures as low as 34°F and grow when temperatures are above 38°F. This is one of the many reasons why cereal rye is the most widely used cover crop species in Ohio and across the Midwest. It is among the most drought-hardy and generates high levels of biomass and an expansive root system.

    Winter wheat can germinate when soil temperatures are as low as 38°F but needs 50°F for growth. Wheat can provide some benefits in terms of weed suppression but is less effective than other cool-season cereals due to lower biomass production. Wheat may reduce sclerotinia and is not an alternative host of sugarbeet cyst nematode, soybean cyst nematode, or root-knot nematode. Wheat is not recommended as a cover crop in rotation with corn due to similar disease and pest profiles. It is recommended to plant wheat after the Hessian fly-free date, even when used as a cover crop.

    Triticale is more expensive but germinates and grows like cereal rye, with the forage quality and maturity speed of wheat. Triticale has good biomass production and rooting capability.

    Brassica species generally have high drought tolerance. Options for brassica cover crops include rapeseed or forage turnips. Rapeseed germinates in temperatures as low as 36°F but needs 41°F to grow. It germinates with a water weight of 500% of its weight or 0.65 ml of water per 20 seeds. Forage turnip tops die at the first frost (15°F), but the bulb lasts a long time. Forage radish also has high-nitrogen retention, but due to high seed cost may not be the most economical option, except when grazing is desired.

    Weed suppression from cover crops is a benefit due to the biomass and ground cover provided by the cover crops. Cover crops are a tool that can reduce the size and density of weeds, and reduce the pressure on herbicides, but not replace effective herbicide programs and applications. In drier conditions, herbicide breakdown is slower than when there is adequate moisture for soil microbial activity. Increased herbicide rates, late applications, and applications of an active ingredient more than once during the season increase the risk of herbicide persistence in the soil, especially in dry conditions. Doing a bioassay before planting your cover crops this year may help ensure success and decrease frustrations if cover crops don’t grow. A bioassay is simply taking a sample of topsoil or a small area of the field in both treated and untreated areas, planting a set number of cover crop seeds, and watering. The percent germination can then be calculated and compared between the treated and untreated areas.

    Nitrogen retention

    Cover crops can increase nitrogen retention preventing N losses that would otherwise leach from the soil during the fall, winter, and spring months. The cover crop can hold that nitrogen in the biomass and release for use by the following crop. Some cover crops can tie up nitrogen, especially when the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio approaches 25:1 (pre-jointing).

    Erosion control and residue retention

    While cover crop species mixes can have many benefits, in tough economic times more value might be attained from monocultures of one species, which are more cost-effective and can still provide many benefits. Maintaining a soil ecology that promotes vigorous and sustainable crop production depends heavily on plant diversity, and including cover crops in rotation with cash crops can increase the diversity in the cropping system. They are an important factor in determining the biological diversity of the soil and the microorganisms in the soil and each plant introduced to the soil supports a host of unique bacterium, insects, and organisms.

    To increase the overall beneficial soil organisms, it is recommended to implement a diverse crop rotation, which includes the use of cover crops to provide live roots in periods that would otherwise be fallow. Although the state is in a severe drought, it is likely that drilled cover crops can still germinate and grow when planted in dry conditions. Some species have very small seeds that require little moisture to germinate. It will however be important to get precipitation when the seedlings germinate and emerge to achieve sufficient biomass and growth. When planting into dry soil be sure to close the furrow tightly and allow the seed to be protected while waiting for moisture. Additionally, if enrolled in an EQUIP (NRCS) or H2Ohio (SWCD) program, please be sure to adhere to the seeding rate and date requirements for program payment.

    Some great resources are:

  5. Lep Monitoring Network – Spike in Numbers: Fall Armyworm Update # 23

    Author(s): Stephanie Pflaum, Amy Raudenbush, Trevor Corboy, Mary Jo Hassen, Alan Leininger, Clifton Martin, CCA, Beth Scheckelhoff, Kyle Verhoff, Brooks Warner, Jacob Winters, Kayla Wyse, Curtis Young, CCA, Andy Michel, Kelley Tilmon

    This past week was our 23rd week of monitoring for Ohio pests at the Lep Network and our 7th week reporting on the fall armyworm (FAW). Due to a decrease in FAW numbers across the state, as well as nearing the end of the field season in Ohio, this will be our second to last week reporting on this pest for the 2024 season. While we are closing out reports here at the Lep Network, scouting is still important when making educated agricultural decisions in your county. As mentioned in previous weeks, if FAW reports surpass an average of 7 in your county, we recommend continuing to scout for egg masses and larva. Counties that should continue scouting for FAW are: Henry, Muskingum, Van Wert, Wayne, and Wood.

    Fall Armyworm Averages and Scouting

    The statewide average for FAW this past week continued to drop from 41.2 for the week ending September 15th to only 17.4 moths for the week ending September 22nd. Counties with the highest averages are Wayne (104.5), Van Wert (30.8) and Henry (8.3) (Figure 1). This past week, Wayne County yet again saw the highest trap count with 193 fall armyworms in one trap.

    When scouting for FAW, it is important to look primarily for eggs and larva of this sporadic pest because the larval stage is the most damaging. The adult fall armyworm is a species that does not feed, it only feeds in the larval stage. This time of the year, egg masses will be few and far between, but when scouting, know that nowhere is off limits for these pests (Figure 2). FAW moths will lay these masses on a variety of surfaces, including (but not limited to), plant leaves, fence posts, telephone poles, flags and more. When scouting for FAW, continue to be aware of larval presence as a spike in this activity is to be expected near the end of September. When scouting for fall armyworm larva, be sure to look for the distinct white, inverted “Y” shape on the front of this pesky pest's head.

    For more information on the fall armyworm, visit our current factsheet on FAW: https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/ent-0093

    Fall armyworm moth map

    Week 7

    September 16th to September 22nd, 2024

    Figure 1. Average fall armyworm (FAW) moths captured from Sept 16th to Sept 22nd. The bold number on the left indicates the average moth count for the week, followed by the standard number on the right which indicates the total number of active traps set up in that county.

    Figure 2. Fall armyworm egg mass on the underside of a leaf. Photo credit: David Jones, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org

Crop Observation and Recommendation Network

C.O.R.N. Newsletter is a summary of crop observations, related information, and appropriate recommendations for Ohio crop producers and industry. C.O.R.N. Newsletter is produced by the Ohio State University Extension Agronomy Team, state specialists at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). C.O.R.N. Newsletter questions are directed to Extension and OARDC state specialists and associates at Ohio State.

Contributors

Amanda Perkins (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Amanda Bennett (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Amanda Douridas, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Amber Emmons, CCA (Water Quality Extension Associate)
Barry Ward (Program Leader)
Beth Scheckelhoff (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Brett Kinzel (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Caden Buschur (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Clint Schroeder (Program Manager)
Curtis Young, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
David Marrison (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Dean Kreager (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Don Hammersmith (Program Assistant, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Ed Lentz, CCA (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Elizabeth Hawkins (Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems)
Eric Richer, CCA (Field Specialist, Farm Management)
Eugene Law, PhD (Assistant Professor)
Glen Arnold, CCA (Field Specialist, Manure Nutrient Management )
Greg LaBarge, CPAg/CCA (Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems)
Heather Torlina (Water Quality Extension Associate)
Horacio Lopez-Nicora (State Specialist, Soybean Pathology)
Jacob Winters (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Jason Hartschuh, CCA (Field Specialist, Dairy & Precision Livestock)
Jocelyn Ruble (Water Quality Extension Associate)
Jordan Penrose (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Kayla Wyse (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Kendall Lovejoy (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Kendra Rose (Extension Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Kyle Verhoff (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Nic Baumer (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Nick Eckel (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Ricardo Ribeiro (Visiting Scholar, Federal University of Parana (Brazil))
Ryan McMichael (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Rylee Kay Puthoff (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Sarah Noggle (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Seth Kannberg (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)
Stephanie Karhoff, CCA (Field Specialist, Agronomic Systems)
Ted Wiseman (Educator, Agriculture and Natural Resources)

Disclaimer

The information presented here, along with any trade names used, is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is made by Ohio State University Extension is implied. Although every attempt is made to produce information that is complete, timely, and accurate, the pesticide user bears responsibility of consulting the pesticide label and adhering to those directions.

CFAES provides research and related educational programs to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis. For more information, visit cfaesdiversity.osu.edu. For an accessible format of this publication, visit cfaes.osu.edu/accessibility.